Zamia
| Zamia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Zamia furfuracea | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales |
| Family: | Zamiaceae |
| Subtribe: | Zamiinae |
| Genus: | Zamia L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Zamia pumila | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Zamia is a genus of cycad of the family Zamiaceae, native to North America from the United States (in Georgia and Florida) throughout the West Indies, Central America, and South America as far south as Bolivia.[2][3][4][5] The genus is considered to be the most ecologically and morphologically diverse of the cycads, and is estimated to have originated about 68.3 million years ago.[6]
Description
[edit]The genus comprises deciduous shrubs with aerial or subterranean circular stems, often superficially resembling palms. They produce spirally arranged, pinnate leaves which are pubescent, at least when young, having branched and simple, transparent and coloured hairs. The articulated leaflets lack a midrib, and are broad with subparallel dichotomous venation. Lower leaflets are not reduced to spines, though the petioles often have prickles. The emerging leaves of many Zamia species are striking, some emerging with a reddish or bronze cast (Z. roezlii being an example). Zamia picta is even more distinctive, being the only truly variegated cycad (having whitish/yellow speckles on the leaves).[7]
Reproduction
[edit]Zamia sporophylls are born in vertical rows in cones, and the megasporophyll apices are faceted or flattened, not spinose. The fleshy seeds are subglobular to oblong or ellipsoidal, and are red, orange, yellow or rarely white. The endosperm is haploid, derived from the female gametophyte. The embryo is straight, with two cotyledons that are usually united at the tips and a very long, spirally twisted suspensor. The sperm of members from the genus are large, as is typical of cycads, and Z. roezlii is an example; its sperm are approximately 0.4 mm long and can be seen by the unaided eye.[8]
Preferred habitat
[edit]
All the species of Zamia produce leafy crowns of foliage that make them choice garden specimens and most varieties branch heavily in age to produce handsome clumps. With a few exceptions, most Zamia species are found in warm, humid, tropical rainforest habitats, growing in the forest understory. However, many species are still fairly adaptable, performing quite well in cultivation, especially in subtropical areas. All species need good drainage and protection from the cold.
Ecology
[edit]At least one species, Z. pseudoparasitica, grows as an epiphyte in the branches of trees.
Biogeography
[edit]Zonneveld and Lindström (2016) measured genome size in 71 species of Zamia and found support for three geographical groupings. Variation in genome size of Zamia species is fairly small compared to other many other genera, with the ratio of largest to smallest just 1.36, but the authors found significant differences in genome sizes between three geographical areas. Species in Mega Mexico, including the northern part of Central America, had the largest average genome size. Species in South America, plus Costa Rica and Panama, had the smallest average genome size, while species in the Caribbean Islands and Florida had an intermediate genome size.[9]
Calonje, et al. (2019) analyzed the DNA from 70 species of Zamia, finding support for five geographically distinct clades. A clade including the species found on the Caribbean islands and in Florida is sister to the rest of the genus. The Fischeri clade includes three species found in Mexico, and is sister to the rest of the genus. The Mesoamerica clade includes all species found in Mesoamerica (north of Costa Rica), except for the Fischeri clade and the single species Z. sosonuscensis. The Isthmus clade includes species found in Costa Rica and Panama. The species in South America form another clade, which is sister to the Isthmus clade.[10]
Lindstrom et al. (2024) analyzed transcriptomes from 77 species of Zamia finding support for seven clades of the genus occupying distinct geographical ranges. Clade I is a strongly monophyletic clade that includes all nine of the species of the Caribbean islands and Florida. Clade II (the Fischeri clade), consists of three species found in Veracruz, Hidalgo, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas states in Mexico. This clade is a sister to Clade I. Clade III is divided into the sub-clades III-A and III-B. Clade III-A includes 15 species found in Mexico. Clade III-B consists of seven species found in Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize, which are believed to have originated in southern Mexico. Clade IV consists of the single species Z. sosonuscensis found in cloud forests in Chiapas state in Mexico. Clade V (the Isthmus clade) includes 15 species found in Costa Rica and Panama. Clade VI includes 12 species found in southernmost Panama and west of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador. Clade VII consists of four closely related species in northern Columbia and 13 species east of the Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia.[11]
Species
[edit]Accepted species:[12]
| Phylogeny of Zamia[13][14] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| Species | Clade[11] | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Zamia acuminata Oerst.ex Dyer | V | Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama |
| Zamia amazonum D.W.Stev. | VII | Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil |
| Zamia amplifolia Hort.Bull ex Mast. | VI | Colombia |
| Zamia angustifolia Jacq. | I | The Bahamas, Cuba |
| Zamia boliviana (Brongn.) A.DC. | VII | Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso) |
| Zamia brasiliensis Calonje & Segalla[15] | Brazil (Mato Grosso, Rondônia) | |
| Zamia chigua Seem. | VI | Colombia |
| Zamia cremnophila Vovides, Schutzman & Dehgan | III-A | Tabasco, Mexico |
| Zamia cunaria Dressler & D.W.Stev. | VI | Panama |
| Zamia decumbens Calonje, Meerman, M.P. Griff. & Hoese | III-B | Belize |
| Zamia disodon D.W.Stev. & Sabato | VII | Colombia |
| Zamia dressleri D.W.Stev. | V | Panama |
| Zamia elegantissima Schutzman, Vovides & R.S.Adams | V | Panama |
| Zamia encephalartoides D.W. Stev. | VII | Colombia |
| Zamia erosa O.F.Cook & G.N.Collins | I | Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico |
| Zamia fairchildiana L.D.Gómez | V | Panama, Costa Rica |
| Zamia fischeri Miq. ex Lem. | II | Mexico (San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tamaulipas) |
| Zamia furfuracea L.f. cardboard palm | III-A | Mexico (Veracruz) |
| Zamia gentryi Dodson | VI | Ecuador |
| Zamia gomeziana R.H.Acuña | Costa Rica | |
| Zamia grijalvensis Pérez-Farr., Vovides & Mart.-Camilo | III-A | Mexico (Chiapas) |
| Zamia hamannii A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman | V | Panama |
| Zamia herrerae Calderón & Standl. | III-A | Mexico (Chiapas), El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras |
| Zamia huilensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev. | VII | Colombia |
| Zamia hymenophyllidia D.W.Stev. | VII | Colombia, Peru |
| Zamia imbricata Calonje & Castro | ||
| Zamia imperialis A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman | V | Panama |
| Zamia incognita A.Lindstr. & Idárraga | Colombia | |
| Zamia inermis Vovides, J.D.Rees & Vázq.Torres | II | Mexico (Veracruz) |
| Zamia integrifolia L.f. - coontie palm/Florida arrowroot | I | United States (Florida, Georgia), Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico |
| Zamia ipetiensis D.W.Stev. | VI | Panama |
| Zamia katzeriana (Regel) E.Rettig | III-A | Mexico |
| Zamia lacandona Schutzman & Vovides | III-A | Mexico (Chiapas) |
| Zamia lecointei Ducke | VII | Brazil (Pará), Venezuela, Colombia, Peru |
| Zamia lindenii Regel ex André | VI | Peru, Ecuador |
| Zamia lindleyi Warsz. ex A.Dietr. | V | Panama |
| Zamia lindosensis Stevenson, Cárdenas & Castaño | ||
| Zamia loddigesii Miq. | III-A | Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Hidalgo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Quintana Roo, Yucatán |
| Zamia lucayana Britton | I | Bahamas |
| Zamia macrochiera D.W.Stev. | Peru | |
| Zamia magnifica Pérez-Farr., Gutt-Ortega & Calonje[16] | Mexico (Oaxaca) | |
| Zamia manicata Linden ex Regel | VII | Panama, Colombia |
| Zamia meermanii Calonje | III-A | Belize |
| Zamia melanorrhachis D.W.Stev. | Colombia | |
| Zamia montana A.Braun | VI | Colombia |
| Zamia monticola Chamb. | III-B | Guatemala |
| Zamia multidentata Calonje, Segalla & R.S.Pimenta[17] | ||
| Zamia muricata Willd. | VII | Colombia, Venezuela |
| Zamia nana A.Lindstr., Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.S.Taylor Panama[18] | V | |
| Zamia nesophila A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman | V | Panama |
| Zamia neurophyllidia D.W.Stev. | V | Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica |
| Zamia obliqua A.Braun | V | Colombia |
| Zamia onan-reyesii C.Nelson & Sandoval | III-B | Honduras |
| Zamia oreillyi C.Nelson | III-B | Honduras |
| Zamia orinoquiensis Calonje, Betancur & A.Linstr.[19] | VII | Columbia |
| Zamia paucifoliolata Calonje | VI | |
| Zamia paucijuga Wieland | III-A | Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca) |
| Zamia poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler | VII | Bolivia, Brazil (Acre) |
| Zamia portoricensis Urb. | I | Puerto Rico |
| Zamia prasina W.Bull | III-A | Belize, Mexico (Tabasco, Yucatán) |
| Zamia pseudomonticola L.D.Gómez | V | Panama, Costa Rica |
| Zamia pseudoparasitica Yates | V | Panama |
| Zamia pumila L. - guáyara / Dominican zamia | I | Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), possibly Cuba; possibly extirpated in Puerto Rico and Haiti |
| Zamia purpurea Vovides, J.D.Rees & Vázq.Torres | III-A | Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca) |
| Zamia pygmaea Sims | I | Cuba |
| Zamia pyrophylla Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.Lindstr. | VI | Colombia |
| Zamia restrepoi (D.W.Stev.) A.Lindstr. | VII | Colombia |
| Zamia roezlii Regel ex Linden | VI | Colombia, Ecuador |
| Zamia sandovalii C.Nelson | III-B | Honduras |
| Zamia sinuensis Calonje & Castro | VII | |
| Zamia skinneri Warsz. ex A.Dietr. | V | Panama |
| Zamia soconuscensis Schutzman, Vovides & Dehgan | IV | Mexico (Chiapas) |
| Zamia spartea A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle | III-A | Mexico (Oaxaca) |
| Zamia splendens Schutzman[20] | III-A | Mexico (Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz) |
| Zamia standleyi Schutzman | III-B | Guatemala, Honduras |
| Zamia stenophyllidia Nicolalde-Morejón, Martínez-Domínguez & Stevenson | ||
| Zamia stevensonii A.S.Taylor & Holzman | V | Panama |
| Zamia stricta Miq. | I | Cuba |
| Zamia tolimensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev | VII | Colombia |
| Zamia tuerckheimii Donn.Sm. | III- B | Guatemala |
| Zamia ulei Dammer | VII | Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil |
| Zamia urep B.Walln. | VII | Peru |
| Zamia variegata Warsz. | III-A | Mexico (Chiapas), Belize, Guatemala |
| Zamia vazquezii D.W.Stev., Sabato & De Luca | II | Mexico (Veracruz) |
| Zamia verschaffeltii Miq. | Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas) | |
| Zamia wallisii H.J.Veitch | VI | Colombia |
References
[edit]- ^ "Genus: Zamia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Hill, K.D. & Stevenson, D.W. (1999). A world list of Cycads, 1999. Excelsa 19: 67-72.
- ^ Flora of North America, vol 2, Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3: 478. 1789.
- ^ Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1958. Cycadaceae. In Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (Eds), Flora of Guatemala - Part I. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 11–20.
- ^ Monteza-Moreno, Claudio M.; Rodriguez-Castro, Lilisbeth; Castillo-Caballero, Pedro L.; Toribio, Edgar; Saltonstall, Kristin (2022). "Arboreal camera trapping sheds light on seed dispersal of the world's only epiphytic gymnosperm: Zamia pseudoparasitica". Ecology and Evolution. 12 (3): e8769. Bibcode:2022EcoEv..12E8769M. doi:10.1002/ece3.8769. PMC 8948316. PMID 35356569.
- ^ Nicolalde-Morejón, F., A. P. Vovides & D. W. Stevenson. 2009. Taxonomic revision of Zamia in Mega-Mexico. Brittonia 61(4): 301–335.
- ^ Armstrong, W.P. (2008-04-03). "Botanical Record-Breakers (Part 1 of 2)". Wayne's Word. Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
- ^ Zonneveld, B. J. M.; Lindström, A. J. (26 May 2016). "Genome sizes for 71 species of Zamia (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) correspond to three different biogeographic regions". Nordic Journal of Botany. 34 (6): 744–751. doi:10.1111/njb.01094.
- ^ Calonje, Michael; Meerow, Alan W.; Griffith, M. Patrick; Sala-Leiva, Dayana; Vovides, Andrew P.; Ciro, Mario; Francisco-Ortega, Javier (May 2019). "A Time-Calibrated Species Tree Phylogeny of the New World Cycad Genus Zamia L. (Zamiaceae, Cycadyles)". International Journal of Plant Science. 180 (4): 294. doi:10.1086/702642.
- ^ a b Lindstrom, Anders; Nabib, Sadaf; Dong, Shanshan; Dong, Yiqing; Liu, Jiang; Calonje, Michael; Stevenson, Dennis; Zhang, Shouzhou (2024). "Transcriptome sequencing data provide a solid base to understand phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and reticulated evolution of the genus Zamia L. (Cycadales, Zamiaceae)". Annals of Botany. XX: 10 (chart), 16–17. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae065. PMID 38900840.
- ^ "Zamia — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
- ^ Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.03.13.435279. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 232282918.
- ^ Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021). "main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre". Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Zamia brasiliensis". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "Zamia magnifica". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "Zamia multidentata". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "Zamia nana". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "Zamia orinoquiensis". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|- taxon_id=ignored (help) - ^ "Zamia splendens". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
External links
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